The European Union has a directive requiring media companies such as Google, YouTube, and Facebook to avoid having materials with copyright protection on their sites without explicit permission from the copyright holder. Indeed, all websites are required to follow the same rule; it’s just that the major sites that allow the general public to post media are at much higher risk due to the volume of content and the wide variety of people uploading that content. Historically, the rule had not held media companies liable for copyright infringement, provided that upon notification of a violation,... [...]